.
Vascular Plants of the Gorge at
Buttermilk Falls State Park (Ithaca, NY)
.

Checklist by Plant Family

abc

Adoxaceae (syn. Caprifoliaceae)

Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli - common elderberry - GT

Sambucus racemosa L. - red elderberry - GT, RT

Viburnum acerifolium L. - maple-leaved viburnum - GT, RT, NC

Viburnum dentatum L. - arrowwood - GT

Alismataceae

Alisma subcordatum Raf. - southern water plantain - GT
          (syn. Alisma plantago-aquatica)

Anacardiaceae

Rhus aromatica Aiton - fragrant sumac - RT

Rhus typhina (L.) - staghorn sumac - GT, VC, O

Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze - poison ivy - GT, RT, VL, VC
         (syn. Rhus toxicodendron subsp. radicans)

Apiaceae

Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. - honewort - GT, RT

Daucus carota L. - Queen Anne's lace or wild carrot - VL, VC, O

Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke - sweet cicely - GT, RT

Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. - aniseroot - RT

Pastinaca sativa L. - wild parsnip - GT

Sanicula canadensis L. - Canada snakeroot - RT

Sanicula marilandica L. - black snakeroot - RT

Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe - clustered snakeroot - GT, RT

Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. - Japanese hedge-parsley - VL

Zizia aurea (L.) W.D.J. Koch - golden alexanders - VL

Apocynaceae

Apocynum androsaemifolium L. - spreading dogbane - RT, NC

Apocynum cannabinum L. - Indian hemp - VC, O

Asclepias syriaca L. - common milkweed - VC, O

Asclepias tuberosa L. - butterfly weed - NC

Vinca minor L. - common periwinkle or myrtle - GT, VL

Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barbarich - pale swallowwort - GT, RT, VC
         (syn. Cynanchum rossicum) - invasive

Araceae

Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott - jack-in-the-pulpit - GT, RT, NC

Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex Nutt. - skunk cabbage - RT, NC

Araliaceae

Aralia nudicaulis L. - wild sarsaparilla - GT, RT, NC

Aralia racemosa L. - spikenard - GT, RT

Aristolochiaceae

Asarum canadense L. - wild ginger - RT

Asparagaceae (syn. Ruscaceae)

Maianthemum canadense Desf. - Canada mayflower - GT, RT

Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link - false Solomon's-seal - GT, RT, NC
         (syn. Smilacina racemosa)

Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh - hairy Solomon�s seal - GT, RT, NC

Asphodelaceae (syn. Hemerocallidaceae)

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. - orange day lily - VL, O

Aspleniaceae

Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Britton - ebony spleenwort - RT, NC

Asplenium trichomanes L. - maidenhair spleenwort - GT, RT

Asteraceae

Achillea millefolium L. - yarrow - NC

Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. - white snakeroot - GT, RT  (syn. Eupatorium rugosum)

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. - ragweed - VL

Antennaria neglecta Greene - field pussytoes - RT

Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richardson - plantain-leaved pussytoes - GT, RT, NC

Anthemis arvensis L. - field chamomile - VC

Anthemis cotula L. - mayweed - VL

Arctium lappa L. - greater burdock - GT, VL, O

Arctium minus Bernh. - lesser burdock - GT

Artemisia vulgaris L. - mugwort - VL

Bellis perennis L. - English daisy - VL

Bidens frondosa L. - beggar ticks - GT

Centaurea nigrescens Willd. - tyrol knapweed - VL

Centaurea stoebe L. - spotted knapweed - VL

Cichorium intybus L. - chicory - RT, VL

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. - creeping thistle or Canada thistle - VL

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. - bull thistle - VL

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist - horseweed - VL, VC   (syn. Erigeron canadensis)

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench - purple coneflower - VL

Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. - pilewort - GT, VL

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. - annual daisy fleabane - GT, RT, NC, VL

Erigeron philadelphicus L. - Philadelphia fleabane - GT, RT, VL

Erigeron pulchellus Michx. - Robin's plantain - RT

Eupatorium perfoliatum L. - boneset - GT

Eurybia divaricata (L.) Nesom - white wood aster - GT, RT, NC  (syn. Aster divaricatus)

Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. - large-leaved aster - GT, RT  (syn. Aster macrophyllus)

Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. - grass-leaved goldenrod - O  (syn. Solidago graminifolia)

Eutrochium maculatum  (L.) E.E. Lamont - spotted Joe-Pye weed - GT, O
         (syn. Eupatorium maculatum)

Helianthus tuberosus L. - Jerusalem artichoke - GT, RT

Hieracium murorum L. - wall hawkweed - GT, NC

Hieracium paniculatum L. - panicled hawkweed - RT

Hieracium venosum L. - rattlesnake weed - RT

Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fern. - tall blue lettuce - GT, RT

Lactuca serriola L. - prickly lettuce - VL, VC

Lapsana communis L. - nipplewort - GT, RT, VL

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. - oxeye daisy - VL, NC
         (syn. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum)

Nabalus albus (L.) Hook. - white rattlesnake-root - GT   (syn. Prenanthes alba)

Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook. - tall white lettuce - GT   (syn. Prenanthes altissima)

Picris hieracioides L. - oxtongue - GT, VL

Pilosella aurantiaca (L.) F.W. Schultz & Schultz-Bip.  - devil�s paintbrush or orange hawkweed - VL     (syn. Hieracium aurantiacum)

Pilosella caespitosa (Dumort.) P.D. Sell & C. West - yellow hawkweed - VC
          (syn. Hieracium pratense)

Pilosella flagellaris (Willd.) Arv.-Touv. - whip hawkweed - VL
         (syn. Hieracium flagellare)

Pilosella piloselloides (Vill.) Soj�k - glaucous-leaved hawkweed - NC
         (syn. Hieracium piloselloides)

Rudbeckia hirta L. - black-eyed susan - VL

Rudbeckia laciniata L. - green-headed coneflower - GT

Rudbeckia triloba L. - thin-leaved coneflower - VL

Solidago altissima L. - tall goldenrod - GT, VL

Solidago arguta Aiton - sharp-leaved goldenrod - RT, O

Solidago bicolor L. - silverrod - GT, RT, NC

Solidago caesia L. - blue-stem goldenrod or wreath goldenrod - GT, RT, VL

Solidago flexicaulis L. - zigzag goldenrod - GT, RT, VL, NC

Solidago gigantea Ait. - late goldenrod or smooth goldenrod - VL, O
         (syn. Solidago serotina)

Solidago juncea Ait. - early goldenrod - RT, NC

Solidago nemoralis Ait. - gray goldenrod - RT, NC

Solidago rugosa Mill. - rough-stemmed goldenrod or wrinkled-leaved g. - VL

Sonchus arvensis L. - field sow-thistle or tall sow-thistle - GT

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill - spiny-leaved sow-thistle - GT, VL

Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) Nesom - heart-leaved aster - GT, RT
          (syn. Aster cordifolius)

Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) G. L. Nesom - panicled aster - VL
         (syn. Aster simplex)

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) A. & D. L�ve - calico aster or goblet aster - GT, RT, VL   (syn. Aster lateriflorus)

Symphyotrichum lowrieanum (Porter) Nesom - Lowrie�s aster - RT, NC
        (syn. Aster lowrieanus)

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) Nesom - New England aster - O
        (syn. Aster novae-angliae)

Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom - old field aster - GT, VL, VC, O
        (syn. Aster pilosus)

Symphyotrichum prenanthoides (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nesom - crooked-stemmed aster - GT, VL   (syn. Aster prenanthoides)

Symphyotrichum undulatum (L.) Nesom - wavy-leaved aster - RT, VL
        (syn. Aster undulatus)

Symphyotrichum urophyllum (Lindl.) Nesom - arrow-leaved aster - RT
         (syn. Aster sagittifolius)

Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers - common dandelion - GT, VL

Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Schultz-Bipontinus - scentless chamomile - O

Tussilago farfara L. - coltsfoot - GT, VL

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens capensis Meerb. - spotted touch-me-not - GT

Impatiens pallida Nutt. - pale touch-me-not - GT

Berberidaceae

Berberis thunbergii DC. - Japanese barberry - GT, RT, NC, VL

Berberis vulgaris L. - common barberry - RT, O

Caulophyllum giganteum (Farw.) Loconte & Blackwell - early blue cohosh - RT

Podophyllum peltatum L. - may apple - RT, NC

Betulaceae

Betula alleghaniensis Britt. - yellow birch - GT

Betula lenta L. - black birch - GT, RT

Betula papyrifera Marsh. - paper birch - RT

Carpinus caroliniana Walter - musclewood or ironwood - RT

Corylus americana Walt. - American hazelnut - RT, NC

Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch - hop hornbeam or ironwood - GT, RT, NC

Boraginaceae

Hackelia virginiana (L.) I.M. Johnston - Virginia stickseed - GT, RT

Hydrophyllum virginianum L. - Virginia waterleaf - RT

Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers. ex Link - eastern bluebells - VL, VC, NC

Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill - field forget-me-not - VL

Myosotis scorpioides L. - true forget-me-not - GT

Brassicaceae

Alliaria petiolata - (M. Bieberstein) Cavara & Grande - garlic mustard - RT, VL, O

Barbarea vulgaris Ait. f. - common winter cress - VL

Borodinia laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) P.J. Alexander & Windham - smooth rock cress - GT, RT 

Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. - mustard greens - VL

Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood - toothwort - GT, VL    (syn. Dentaria diphylla)

Cardamine hirsuta L. - hairy bitter-cress - VC

Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. - Pennsylvania bitter cress - GT

Hesperis matronalis L. - dame's rocket - GT, RT, VL, VC

Lepidium campestre (L.) Ait. f. - field pepperweed - VL

Campanulaceae

Campanula americana L. - tall bellflower - VL

Lobelia inflata L. - Indian tobacco - RT

Lobelia siphilitica L. - great blue lobelia - GT, NC

Cannabaceae

Celtis occidentalis L. - northern hackberry - GT, RT, O

Caprifoliaceae

Diervilla lonicera P. Mill. - bush-honeysuckle - GT

Dipsacus fullonum L. - wild teasel - O - (syn. D. sylvestris)

Lonicera �bella Zabel - hybrid honeysuckle - GT, RT

Lonicera canadensis Bartr. ex Marsh. - American fly honeysuckle - GT

Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder - Amur honeysuckle - NC

Lonicera morrowii Gray - Morrow's honeysuckle - GT, RT, VC

Caryophyllaceae

Arenaria serpyllifolia L. - thyme-leaved sandwort - VC, VL

Dianthus armeria L. - Deptford pink - VL, NC

Lychnis flos-cuculi L. - ragged robin - VL   (syn. Silene flos-cuculi )

Silene latifolia Poir. - white campion - O  (syn. Lychnis alba)

Stellaria media (L.) Vill. - common chickweed - RT

Celastraceae

Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. - oriental bittersweet - RT, VL, NC  invasive

Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. - burning-bush - VL

Colchicaceae

Uvularia perfoliata L. - perfoliate bellwort - RT

Convolvulaceae

Cornaceae

Cornus alternifolia L. f. - pagoda dogwood or alternate-leaved dogwood - GT, RT, NC

Cornus florida L. - flowering dogwood - RT

Cornus racemosa Lam. - gray dogwood - GT, RT, VC, O

Cornus rugosa Lam. - round-leaved dogwood - GT

Cupressaceae

Juniperus virginiana L. - eastern red cedar - RT, NC

Thuja occidentalis L. - northern white cedar or arbor vitae - GT, RT, VC

Cyperaceae

Carex hystericina Muhl. ex Willd. - porcupine sedge - VL

Carex laxiflora Lam. - loose-flowered sedge - RT, NC

Carex pensylvanica Lam. - Pennsylvania sedge - RT

Carex platyphylla  J. Carey - broad-leaved sedge - GT, RT

Carex retrorsa  Schwein. - retrorse sedge - VL

Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. - pointed broom sedge - VL

Carex sparganioides Muhl. ex Willd. - bur-reed sedge - RT

Carex vulpinoidea Michx. - fox sedge - VL

Cyperus strigosus L. - false nutsedge - VL

Dennstaedtiaceae

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn - bracken fern - RT

Dryopteridaceae

Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs - spinulose woodfern - RT
         (syn. Dryopteris spinulosa)

Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) Gray - evergreen woodfern - GT, RT
         (syn. Dryopteris austriaca var. intermedia)

Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray - marginal woodfern - GT, RT, NC

Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott - Christmas fern - GT, RT, NC

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. - autumn olive - GT, RT, O, PK

Equisetaceae

Equisetum arvense L. - field horsetail - O

Equisetum hyemale L. - common scouring rush - NC

Ericaceae

Epigaea repens L. - trailing arbutus - RT

Gaultheria procumbens L. - wintergreen - RT

Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch - black huckleberry - RT

Hypopitys monotropa Crantz - pinesap - GT

Monotropa uniflora L. - Indian pipe - GT, RT, NC

Rhododendron prinophyllum (Small) Millais - early azalea - RT
         (syn. Rhododendron nudiflorum)

Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. - lowbush blueberry or early low blueberry - RT, NC

Vaccinium pallidum Ait. - hillside blueberry - RT   (syn. Vaccinium vacillans)

Vaccinium stamineum L. - deerberry - RT

Euphorbiaceae

Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. - common three-seeded mercury - VL

Euphorbia maculata L. - spotted spurge - VL

Fabaceae

Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. - hog peanut - GT, RT

Cercis canadensis L. - redbud - RT

Cladrastis kentukea (Dum.-Cours.) Rudd - yellow-wood - O

Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. - showy tick-trefoil - RT

Gleditsia triacanthos L. - honey locust - VC

Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. - hairy bush-clover - RT

Lotus corniculatus L. - bird�s-foot trefoil - VL

Medicago lupulina L. - black medic - VL, VC

Melilotus albus Medik. - white sweet-clover - GT, VL, NC

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. - yellow sweet-clover - RT, VL, O

Robinia pseudoacacia L. - black locust - VL, O

Securigera varia (L.) Lassen - crown vetch - VL, O   (syn. Coronilla varia)

Trifolium aureum Pollich - large hop clover - VL   (syn. Trifolium agrarium)

Trifolium dubium Sibthorp - small hop clover - VC

Trifolium pratense L. - red clover - VL, NC

Trifolium repens L. - white clover - VL

Fagaceae

Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. - American chestnut - RT, NC

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. - American beech - GT, RT

Quercus alba L. - white oak - GT, RT, NC

Quercus coccinea M�nchhausen - scarlet oak - RT

Quercus macrocarpa Michaux - burr oak - VC

Quercus montana Willd. - chestnut oak - GT, RT, NC   (syn. Quercus prinus)

Quercus rubra L. - red oak - GT, RT, NC    (syn. Quercus borealis)

Quercus velutina Lam. - black oak - RT, NC, O

Geraniaceae

Geranium maculatum L. - wild geranium - RT

Geranium robertianum L. - herb Robert - GT, RT, VL

Grossulariaceae

Ribes cynosbati L. - prickly gooseberry - GT, RT, NC

Hamamelidaceae

Hamamelis virginiana L. - witch hazel - GT, RT, NC

Hydrangeaceae

Philadelphus pubescens Loisel. - mock orange - VL, O

Hypericaceae

Hypericum perforatum L. - common St. Johnswort - NC

Hypericum punctatum Lam. - spotted St. John�s wort - RT

Iridaceae

Sisyrinchium montanum Greene - mountain blue-eyed grass - RT

Juglandaceae

Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch - bitternut hickory - GT, RT

Carya glabra (P. Mill.) Sweet - pignut hickory - RT, NC

Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch - shagbark hickory - GT, RT

Juglans nigra L. - black walnut - RT

Juncaceae

Juncus tenuis Willd. - path rush - RT, VL, NC

Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. - common wood-rush � RT, NC

Lamiaceae

Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. - hairy wood-mint - VL

Clinopodium vulgare L. - wild basil - RT, NC   (syn. Saturja vulgaris)

Collinsonia canadensis L. - horse balm - RT

Glechoma hederacea L. - gill-over-the-ground - GT, VL   (syn. Nepeta hederacea)

Lamium purpureum L. - purple dead nettle - VL

Leonurus cardiaca L. - motherwort - GT, VL

Nepeta cataria L. - catnip - VL

Prunella vulgaris L. - heal-all or selfheal - GT, RT, VL

Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) T. Dur. & B.D. Jackson ex B.L. Robins. & Fern.

Teucrium canadense L. - American germander - O

Lauraceae

Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume - spicebush - GT, RT, NC

Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees - sassafras - NC

Lythraceae

Lythrum salicaria L. - purple loosestrife - GT

Magnoliaceae

Liriodendron tulipifera L. - tulip tree or yellow poplar - GT, RT, VC

Magnolia acuminata  (L.) L. - cucumber magnolia - RT, PK

Malvaceae

Malva moschata L. - musk mallow - VL

Tilia americana L. - American basswood - GT, RT, O

Melanthiaceae

Trillium erectum  L. - red trillium or wake robin - GT, RT, NC

Trillium grandiflorum  (Michx.) Salisb. - large-flowered white trillium - GT, RT, NC

Menispermaceae

Menispermum canadense L. - moonseed - RT

Moraceae

Morus alba L. - common mulberry - RT, VL, O

Oleaceae

Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl - weeping forsythia - GT, VL

Fraxinus americana L. - white ash - GT, RT, NC

Fraxinus nigra Marsh. - black ash - GT

Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc. - border privet - GT, RT   Invasive

Ligustrum vulgare L. - common privet - O

Syringa vulgaris L. - common lilac - VL

Onagraceae

Circaea canadensis (L.) Hill - enchanter's nightshade - GT
         (syn. Circaea lutetiana; C. quadrisulcata)

Epilobium ciliatum  Raf. - fringed willow-herb - VL

Oenothera biennis L. - common evening primrose - GT, VL

Onocleaceae

Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod. - ostrich fern - RT, NC

Onoclea sensibilis L. - sensitive fern - GT, RT

Ophioglossaceae

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. - rattlesnake fern - RT

Orchidaceae

Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz - helleborine - GT, RT, NC

Orobanchaceae

Epifagus virginiana (L.) W.P.C. Barton - beech drops - RT

Melampyrum lineare Desr. - cow wheat - RT, NC

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis stricta L. - yellow wood sorrel - VL, NC   (syn. Oxalis europaea)

Papaveraceae

Chelidonium majus L. - greater celendine - VL

Phrymaceae

Phryma leptostachya L. - lopseed - GT, RT

Phytolaccaceae

Phytolacca americana L. - pokeweed - GT

Pinaceae

Picea abies (L.) Karst. - Norway spruce - O

Pinus resinosa Ait. - red pine - RT

Pinus strobus L. - white pine - GT, RT, NC

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. - eastern hemlock - GT, RT, NC, VL, VC

Plantaginaceae

Chelone glabra L. - white turtlehead - GT

Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. - hairy beardtongue - NC

Plantago lanceolata L. - English plantain - GT, VL, NC

Plantago major L. - common plantain - GT, VL

Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. - water speedwell - GT

Veronica chamaedrys L. - germander speedwell or bird�s-eye speedwell - O

Veronica officinalis L. - common speedwell - RT, NC

Veronica persica Poir. - Persian speedwell - VL, VC

Platanaceae

Platanus occidentalis L. - eastern sycamore - GT, RT, VL, O

Poaceae

Anthoxanthum odoratum L. - sweet vernal grass - NC

Bromus nottowayanus  Fernald - satin brome  -  n/a

Dactylis glomerata L. - orchard grass - VL, RT

Danthonia compressa Austin ex Peck - flattened oatgrass - RT

Elymus hystrix L. - bottle-brush grass - VL   (syn. Hystrix patula)

Elymus riparius Wieg. - eastern riverbank wild rye - RT

Phleum pratense L. - common Timothy - VL

Poa compressa L. - Canada bluegrass - NC

Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort. - tall rye grass � VL
         (syn. Festuca arundinaceus; tall fescue)

Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash - little bluestem - NC

Triticum aestivum L. - wheat - VL

Polemoniaceae

Phlox subulata L. - moss phlox - NC

Polemonium reptans L. - Jacob�s ladder - VL

Polygalaceae

Polygala verticillata L. - whorled milkwort - NC

Polygaloides paucifolia (Willd.) J.R. Abbott - gaywings or fringed polygala - RT, NC
         (syn. Polygala paucifolia)

Polygonaceae

Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) S.F. Gray - dock-leaved smartweed - VL

Persicaria maculosa S.F. Gray - lady�s thumb - VL   (syn. Polygonum persicaria)

Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaertn. - jumpseed - GT, RT
          (syn. Polygonum virginianum; Tovara virginiana)

Rumex crispus L. - curly dock - VL

Rumex obtusifolius L. - broad-leaved dock - VL

Polypodiaceae

Polypodium virginianum L. - rock polypody fern - GT, RT, NC

Primulaceae

Lysimachia ciliata L. - fringed loosestrife � RT, VL

Lysimachia nummularia L. - moneywort - GT, VL

Pteridaceae

Adiantum pedatum L. - maidenhair fern - GT

Ranunculaceae

Actaea pachypoda Ell. - white baneberry, doll's-eyes - GT, RT, NC   (syn. Actaea alba)

Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. - red baneberry - GT, RT, NC

Anemone virginiana L. - thimbleweed - GT, RT, O

Aquilegia canadensis L. - wild columbine - GT, RT

Caltha palustris L. - marsh marigold - RT

Clematis virginiana L. - virgin's bower - RT

Hepatica acutiloba DC. - sharp-lobed hepatica - GT, RT
          (syn. Anemone acutiloba; Hepatica nobilis var. acuta)

Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker Gawl. - round-lobed hepatica - RT, NC
         (syn. Anemone americana; Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa)

Ranunculus abortivus L. - kidney-leaved buttercup - GT, RT, VL

Ranunculus acris L. - tall buttercup - GT

Ranunculus bulbosus L. - bulbous buttercup - RT

Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. - hooked buttercup - GT, RT

Ranunculus repens L. - creeping buttercup - VL

Thalictrum dioicum L. - early meadow rue - GT

Thalictrum pubescens Pursh - tall meadow rue - GT   (syn. Thalictrum polygamum)

Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames & Boivin - rue anemone - RT
         (syn. Anemonella thalictroides)

Rhamnaceae

Rhamnus cathartica L. - European buckthorn - GT, RT, NC

Rosaceae

Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. - common agrimony - RT

Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern. - downy shadbush - RT, NC

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne - wild strawberry - RT

Geum canadense Jacq. - white avens - GT, RT, VL

Geum fragarioides (Michx.) Smedmark - barren wild strawberry - RT
         (syn. Waldsteinia fragarioides)

Potentilla argentea L. - silvery cinquefoil - VL

Potentilla norvegica L. - rough cinquefoil - VL

Potentilla recta L. - rough-fruited cinquefoil - VC, PK

Potentilla simplex Michx. - common cinquefoil - RT

Prunus avium (L.) L. - sweet cherry - RT

Prunus serotina Ehrh. - wild black cherry - GT, RT

Prunus virginiana L. - choke cherry - GT, RT, VL

Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murr. - multiflora rose - GT, RT, VL, VC, O

Rosa virginiana Mill. - Virginia rose - VC

Rubus allegheniensis Porter - common blackberry - VC

Rubus occidentalis L. - black raspberry - GT, RT, VL, NC

Rubus odoratus L. - purple-flowering raspberry - GT

Rubus phoenicolasius - Maximowicz - wineberry - GT

Rubiaceae

Galium album L. - hedge bedstraw - GT, VL   (syn. Galium mollugo)

Galium aparine L. - cleavers - GT, RT

Galium circaezans Michx. - wild licorice - RT, NC

Galium triflorum Michx. - sweetscented bedstraw - GT

Houstonia caerulea L. - bluets or Quaker ladies - NC

Mitchella repens L. - partridgeberry - RT

Rutaceae

Salicaceae

Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall - cottonwood - GT, RT

Populus grandidentata Michx. - big-toothed aspen - GT, RT

Santalaceae

Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. - bastard toadflax - RT

Sapindaceae (syn. Aceraceae)

Acer negundo L. - box elder - GT, RT, VL, VC, O

Acer pensylvanicum L. - striped maple - GT, RT, NC

Acer platanoides L. - Norway maple - GT, RT, VC

Acer rubrum L. - red maple - GT, RT, NC

Acer saccharum Marsh - sugar maple - GT, RT, NC, VL, O   (syn. Acer nigrum)

Acer spicatum Lam. - mountain maple - GT

Aesculus hippocastanum L. - horse chestnut - GT

Saxifragaceae

Micranthes virginiensis (Michx.) Small - early saxifrage - GT, RT
         (syn. Saxifraga virginiensis)

Mitella diphylla L. - mitrewort or bishop's-cap - GT, RT

Tiarella cordifolia L. - foamflower - GT, NC

Scrophulariaceae

Verbascum blattaria L. - moth mullein - VL, RT

Verbascum thapsus L. - common mullein - GT, VL, NC

Solanaceae

Solanum carolinense L. - horse nettle - VL

Solanum dulcamara L. - bittersweet nighshade - GT

Thymelaeaceae

Daphne mezereum L. - paradise plant - RT, NC

Ulmaceae

Ulmus americana L. - American elm - GT, RT

Ulmus glabra Hudson - Scotch elm - GT

Ulmus rubra Muhl. - slippery elm - RT

Urticaceae

Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell - wood-nettle - GT

Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray - clearweed - GT, RT

Urtica dioica L. - stinging nettle - VL   (syn. Urtica procera, Urtica gracilis)

Verbenaceae

Verbena urticifolia L. - white vervain - VL

Violaceae

Viola blanda Willd. - sweet white violet - GT

Viola pubescens Aiton - downy yellow violet - RT

Viola rostrata Pursh - long-spurred violet - GT

Viola sororia Willd. - common blue violet - GT, RT

Viola subsinuata Greene - palmate-leaved violet - RT   (syn. Viola palmata)

Vitaceae

Ampelopsis glandulosa (Wallich) Momiyama - porcelain berry - GT, RT, VC - invasive

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. - Virginia creeper - GT, RT, VL, VC

Vitis aestivalis Michx. - summer grape - GT

Vitis riparia Michx. - river grape or frost grape - GT, RT, VL   (syn. Viola vulpina)

Woodsiaceae

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth - northern lady fern - RT, NC

Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. - fragile fern - GT, RT, NC

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. - bulblet fern - GT, RT

*In cases where there is no consensus regarding a fern species� scientific name,

the name adopted by the Flora of North America will be used here.

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