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Spreading*

Spreading:  With reference to branches or other structures, leaning outwards from the point of attachment on an axis.  (Compare with ascending and erect.)

Widely Spreading:  Similar to the above term, except approaching (but not quite) perpendicular to the axis. 

 
Figure A.  Spreading inflorescence branches of
smooth goldenrod  (Solidago gigantea).
 
Figure B.  Spreading floral bracts of old field aster.
(Symphyotrichum pilosum)

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* Authors of various botanical texts use the term "spreading", and other related terms, in various ways. Some define these terms in a glossary, while others don't. In order to achieve consistency and a measure of precision, Haines (2011) sets exact numerical range for this term to 45 to 90 degrees from vertical. However, that creates a dilemma for users. What if the angle is 87 degrees? No one is going to be that precise, and plants don't read books.

 

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